emergent
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Wetland and Aquatic Plants of Oklahoma

Interactive Keys: Emergent

White Flowers

    
5. Flower with 5 Petals
          
a. Parsnips (Apiaceae)
           b. Borages (Boraginaceae)
    
       c. Morning-glory (Convolvulaceae)
           d. Stonecrops (Crassulaceae)
           e. Sundews (
Droseraceae)
           f.  Waterworts
(Elatinaceae)            
              
g. Logania (Loganiaceae)
         h. Mallows (Malvaceae)
           i. Carpetweeds (
Molluginaceae)
           j. Primroses (Primulaceae)
           k. Saxifrages (Saxifragaceae)
           l. Snapdragons (Schrophulariaceae)
          
Parsnips (Apiaceae)

Cutleaf waterparsnip (Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville)
Native perennial
                                                                                                                                                                Click thumbnails to enlarge
Berula erecta map                                            Berula erecta

NWI status: OBL.

Spotted water hemlock (Cicuta maculata L.) 
Native perennial.

Cicuta maculata map                                Cicuta maculata

Note: An extremely toxic plant.  The poison is cicutoxin, a neurotoxin, which is concentrated in the root, but can be found in lower quantities throughout.  Nonetheless, black swallowtails use this plant as a larval food.

NWI status: OBL.

Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) 
Introduced biennial.

Conium maculatum map                                 Conium maculatum

Note: An extremely toxic plant.  The poison is cicutoxin, a neurotoxin, which is concentrated in the root, but can be found in lower quantities throughout.  Nonetheless, black swallowtails use this plant as a larval food.

NWI status: FACW

Finger dogshade (Cynosciadium digitatum DC.)
Native annual.

Cynosciadium digitatum                                   Cynosciadium digitatum

NWI status: FACW

Pennyworts (Hydrocotyle spp.)

Note: Observe the difference in leaf lobing and attachment point for the leaf stalk (petiole) when identifying these species.  The seeds and foliage of pennyworts are consumed by waterfowl and shorebirds.

NWI status: All pennyworts are designated as OBL.

Umbrella pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata L.) 
Native perennial.

Hydrocotyle umbellata map                                   Hydrocotyle umbellata

Floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f.) 
Native perennial.


Hydrocotyle ranunculoides map                           Hydrocotyle ranunculoides


Whorled pennywort (Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb.) 
Native perennial.

Hydrocotyle verticillata                          Hydrocotyle verticillata

Tansy dogshade (Limnosciadium sp.)

Tansy dogshade (Limnosciadium pinnatum (DC.) Mathias & Constance)
Native annual.

Limnosciadium pinnatum map                                      Limnosciadium pinnatum
NWI status: FACW- 

Ribbed mock bishopweed (Ptilimnium costatum (Ell.) Raf.) 
Native annual
.      

Ptilimnium costatum                                    Ptilimnium costatum

Note: Leaf divisions, or segments, in whorls.

NWI status: FACW

Threadlead mockbishopweed (Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf.) 
Native annual.

Ptilimnium capillaceum map                                     Ptilimnium capillaceum

Note: Leaf divisions, or segments, alternating.

NWI status: OBL

Cowbane (Oxypolis sp.)

Stiff cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf.)    
Native perennial.

Oxypolis rigidior map                                  Oxypolis rigidior

Note: The roots were baked by some tribes.

NWI status: OBL

Borages (Boraginaceae) 

Note: the flowers in this family are tubular with five lobes.

Salt heliotrope (Heliotropium curassavicum L.) 
Native annual.

Heliotropium curassavicum                            Heliotropium curassavicum

Note: leaves are thick and fleshy woth a silvery cast.

NWI status: OBL

Fourspike heliotrope (Heliotropium procumbens P. Mill.)
Native perennial.

Heliotropium procumbens                               

NWI status: FACW

Morning-glory (Convolvulaceae)

Spreading alkaliweed (Cressa truxillensis Kunth)
Native perennial.

Cressa truxillensis map                    Cressa truxillensis

Note: This plant has is rarely encountered and has only been collected three time in Oklahoma.

NWI status: FACW

Stonecrops (Crassulaceae)

Ditch stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides L.) 
Native perennial.

Penthorum sedoides map                             Penthorum sedoides

Note: Calyx lobes 5 to 7.  Used as a potherb by the Cherokee.       

NWI status: OBL

Sundews (Droseraceae)

Annual sundew (Drosera annua E.L. Reed) 
Native annual.

Drosera annua map                                

Note: This is a carnivorous species which traps insects on a sticky substance secreted by glands on the leaves.

NWI status: OBL

Waterworts (
Elantinaceae) 

Texas bergia (Bergia texana (Hook.) Seub. ex Walp.)  
Native perennial.

Bergia texana map                                 Bergia texana                 

Note: This plant is upright and covered in glandular hairs.

NWI status: OBL

Logania (Loganiaceae)

Lax hornpod (Mitreola petiolata (J.F. Gmel.) Torr. & Gray) 
Native annual.

Mitreola petiolata map                                        Mitreola petiolata

Note: Leaves with stems (petioles).

NWI status: FACW

Swamp hornpod (Mitreola sessilifolia (J.F. Gmel.) G. Don)
Native annual.

Mitreola sessilifolia map                                   

Note: Leaves without stems (petioles).

NWI status: FACW+

Mallows (Malvaceae)

Halberdleaf rosemallow (Hibiscus laevis All.) 
Native perennial.

Hibiscus laevis map 

Note: A beautiful plant for both the water and regular gardens.  Seeds eaten by some birds.

NWI status: OBL

Rosemallow (Hibiscus moscheutos L.) 
Native perennial.

Hibiscus moscheutos map                                    Hibiscus moscheutos

Note: A beautiful plant for both the water and regular gardens.  Seeds eaten by some birds.

NWI status: OBL

Carpet weeds (Molluginaceae)

Glinus (Glinus radiatus (Ruiz & Pavón) Rohrb.) 
Native annual.

Glinus radiatus map                                         Glinus radiatus

Note: This plant is typically appears in lake and pond drawdown areas.

NWI status: FACW

Primroses (Primulaceae)

Seaside brookweed (Samolus valerandi L.) 
Native perennial.

Samolus valerandi                                               Samolus valerandi

NWI status: OBL

Limewater brookweed (Samolus ebracteatus Kunth)
Native perennial.

Samolus ebracteatus map                              Samolus ebracteatus

NWI status: OBL

American featherfoil (Hottonia inflata Ell.) 
Native annual.

Hottonia inflata                              

Note: An unusual member of the primrose family.  Has some potential in the water garden, if seeds can be found.

NWI status: OBL

Saxifrages (Saxifragaceae)

Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia grandifolia DC.) 
 Native
perennial.

Parnassia grandifolia map                               

NWI status: OBL

Snapdragons (Scrophulariaceae)

Waterhyssop (Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst.) 
Native perennial.

Bacopa rotundifolia                 Bacopa rotundifolia

NWI status: OBL

Yellowseed false pimpernel (Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell) 
Native annual.

Lindernia dubia

NWI status: OBL

Clasping false pimpernel (Lindernia anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell) 
Native annual.

Lindernia anagallidea map                                  Lindernia anagallidea

NWI status: FACW+

Sticky hedgehyssop (Gratiola brevifolia Raf.)
Native annual.

Gratiola brevifolia

NWI status: FACW+

Clammy hedgehyssop (Gratiola neglecta Torr.) 
Native annual.

Gratiola neglecta                               Gratiola neglecta

NWI status: OBL

Shaggy hedgehyssop (Gratiola pilosa Michx.)
Native perennial.

Gratiola pilosa map                                         Gratiola pilosa

Note: The fruits and flowers of this species are not on stalks (sessile or subsessile).

NWI status: FACW-

Roundfruit hedgehyssop (Gratiola virginiana L.)
Native biennial.

Gratiola virginiana map                                     Gratiola virginiana

Note: Flower stalks are slender and greater than 10 mm long.

NWI status: OBL

Axilflower (Mecardonia acuminata (Walt.) Small) 
Native perennial.

Mecardonia acuminata                                     Mecardonia acuminata

NWI status: FACW


Last update: 2/18/04
Comments to : Bruce Hoagland

bhoagland@ou.edu

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